我国农村环境问题的成因及对策
点击数：16 更新时间：2023-12-15
改革开放以来，我国农村经济建设取得了巨大的成就，但同时也面临着严重的环境污染和生态破坏问题。与农业和农民一样，农村环境问题处于某种弱势地位。由于城乡差距大以及政府过多地关注城市的基础设施建设和环境保护，农村环境问题比城市更加突出和严重。农村的水污染日益严重，对农民身体和农业生产造成了极大的危害。农村水环境的恶化主要是由于工业污染、农业废弃物和过量使用化肥等原因造成的。
首先，工业污染是导致农村水环境污染的重要原因。为了改善城市环境，许多工业污染正在源源不断地向农村转移。工业废水直接排入水域，导致河流、湖泊和水库遭受污染，农民使用这些水源进行灌溉和饮用。其次，农业废弃物和水产养殖业对水体造成了越来越大的污染。大量的垃圾、秸秆、人畜粪便以及水产养殖业的废弃物进入水体，导致水质恶化。特别是禽畜养殖业的集约化和工厂化养殖，使禽畜粪便污染大幅增加，成为重要的污染源。此外，过量使用化肥也是农村水环境污染的重要原因之一。化肥渗透到地下水或随地表径流进入河流、稻田和池塘，导致地下水中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐浓度过高，对人体健康造成威胁。
为解决农村环境问题，需要采取一系列的法律措施。首先，应加强工业污染治理，严格控制工业废水的排放，确保不对农村水环境造成污染。其次，应加强农业废弃物和水产养殖业的管理，建立科学的处理和利用机制，减少废弃物对水体的污染。同时，应推广有机农业和生态农业，减少化肥的使用，提高农作物的品质和产量。此外，还应加强农村饮用水的治理，提供符合卫生标准的饮用水，保障农民的身体健康。
对于违反环境保护法律法规的行为，应依法追究相应的法律责任。相关部门应加强监督和执法力度，对违法行为进行严厉的处罚，以起到震慑作用。同时，应加强环境教育和宣传，提高农民的环境保护意识，促使他们自觉遵守环境保护法律法规。
农村环境问题已成为我国急需解决的重大问题。通过加强环境治理、推动生态农业发展以及加强法律责任追究，可以有效解决农村环境问题，保护农民的利益和生态环境的可持续发展。
农村环境；面源污染；生态农业
In recent years, our country's environmental protection enterprise has taken on a new aspect, and the environmental quality of the city demonstrates resumptive momentum with the rapid development of the economy. But we should see that environmental problems in the countryside are becoming increasingly evident with the steady improvement of the urban environment. All kinds of pollution and ecological problems are interwoven, ecological damage is becoming more serious, agricultural environment is facing severe impact, and the interests of farmers are greatly harmed. The environmental problems in the countryside are urgent and need to be solved without delay.
country environment; non-point pollution; ecological agriculture
2009
Since the reform and opening up, China's rural economic construction has made great achievements, but at the same time, it is also facing serious environmental pollution and ecological damage. The rural environment issues are in a vulnerable position, just like the agricultural industry and the vulnerable group of farmers. Due to the large gap between urban and rural areas and the excessive focus of the government on urban infrastructure construction and environmental protection, rural environmental problems are more prominent and serious than urban ones. The water pollution in rural areas is becoming increasingly severe, causing great harm to farmers' health and agricultural production. The deterioration of the rural water environment is mainly manifested in the following aspects.
"Drinking and irrigation in the 1960s, rice washing in the 1970s, water quality deterioration in the 1980s, and now it is unbearable." This is a true portrayal of the changes in the rural water environment. Currently, nearly 300 million farmers in China are drinking water that does not meet hygiene standards, and some rural areas have problems such as high fluoride, high arsenic, bitterness, pollution, and schistosomiasis in drinking water. Long-term consumption of such water seriously affects the health of farmers. According to relevant surveys, more than 63 million people in rural areas in China are drinking water with excessive fluoride content. Long-term consumption of high-fluoride water can cause dental fluorosis in mild cases, and severe cases can cause osteoporosis, bone deformities, and even paralysis and loss of labor capacity. Water pollution not only seriously affects the health of farmers but also has a great impact on agricultural production. It can lead to reduced crop yields, the presence of toxic substances, and damage to the fishery industry. For example, in the major water pollution incident in the Huaihe River in 2004, fish and shrimp almost disappeared wherever the sewage went. Another example is in Yangzhuang Township, Suzhou City, Anhui Province, where the use of polluted water from the Kui River for rice irrigation resulted in poor quality rice with a strange taste. The causes of rural water pollution include industrial pollution, agricultural waste, and excessive use of fertilizers.
Industrial pollution is an important cause of water pollution in rural areas. In order to improve the urban environment, many industrial pollution is continuously transferred to rural areas. Industrial wastewater is directly discharged into water bodies, causing pollution to rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Farmers use these water sources for irrigation and drinking. In addition, agricultural waste and water aquaculture have caused increasing pollution to water bodies. A large amount of garbage, straw, human and animal feces, and the waste from aquaculture flow into water bodies, causing the deterioration of water quality. In recent years, due to the intensification and industrialization of poultry and livestock farming, the pollution caused by animal manure has increased significantly and has become an important source of pollution. According to surveys, the wastewater produced and discharged by raising a cow exceeds the wastewater produced by the daily life of 22 people, and the wastewater produced by raising a pig is equivalent to the wastewater produced by the daily life of 7 people. Most of the feces and wastewater from livestock and poultry farming by most farmers are directly discharged into rivers without any treatment. For example, in the Huangpu River Basin, the pollution from poultry and livestock manure accounts for more than 36% of the total pollutant load in the entire basin. Furthermore, pollution caused by excessive use of fertilizers is also alarming. Chemical fertilizers applied to the soil are only partially absorbed by crops, and most of them seep into groundwater under the action of rainwater or infiltrate into rivers, rice fields, and ponds through surface runoff. Groundwater is the main source of drinking water for people, and the excessive presence of nitrates and nitrites in water can cause harm. Nitrates can directly cause hypoxia or even death in infants. After nitrates enter the human body, they will quickly convert to nitrites in the mouth and intestines, forming nitrosamine compounds, which can cause digestive system cancers such as esophageal cancer and gastric cancer. Drinking such water can easily lead to illness. Currently, a large amount of chemical fertilizers flow into rivers, lakes, and reservoirs with farmland runoff.
Rural environmental problems have become a major issue that needs to be urgently resolved in China. By strengthening environmental governance, promoting the development of ecological agriculture, and strengthening legal accountability, rural environmental problems can be effectively solved, protecting the interests of farmers and promoting the sustainable development of the ecological environment.